for more explications please buy the: handbook of modern japanese grammar ----------------------------------- printed in 1981 by THE BOKUSEIDO PRESS ISBN 0-89346-208-X distributed in the USA by HEIAN INTERNATIONAL INC P.O. box 2402 South San Francisco CA 94080 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- V E R B T A B L E ! THE 5 VERBFORM-BASES !! ================== ! AND THEIR ENDINGS ARE !! T-FORM BASE ! ----------------------- !! ----------- ! V1 ! V2 ! V3 ! V4 ! V5 !! ! !---------------------------------!! ! A ! I ! U ! E ! O !! ! ! ! PLUS (+ &) ! !! ! ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ! STEAM! DICT- ! NA-! MA- ! ! BA ! O !! TA- ! TE NR ENGLISH !VERB ! ENDING ! I ! SU ! ! ! !! I ! BASE ! LIKE ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 TO BUY ! KA ! = U ! WA ! I ! U ! E ! O !! I ! T 1 TO PLAY ! ASO ! =BU ! BA ! BI ! BU ! BE ! BO !! BI ! N (DE 1 TO SWIMM ! OYO ! =GU ! GA ! GI ! GU ! GE ! GO !! GI ! I (DE 1 TO WRITE ! KA ! =KU ! KA ! KI ! KU ! KE ! KO !! I ! I 1 TO LIVE ! SU ! =MU ! MA ! MI ! MU ! ME ! MO !! MI ! N (DE 1 TO DIE ! SHI ! =NU ! NA ! NI ! NU ! NE ! NO !! NI ! N (DE 1 TO CUT ! KI ! =RU ! KA ! KI ! KU ! KE ! KO !! RI ! T 1 TO RETURN ! KAE ! =RU ! RA ! RI ! RU ! RE ! RO !! RI ! T 1 TO REPAIR ! NAO ! =SU ! SA ! SHI ! SU ! SE ! SO !! SHI ! SHI 1 TO WAIT ! MA ! =TSU ! TA ! CHI ! TSU ! TE ! TO !! T ! T ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VERBS WHERE THE ENDINGS ARE CONSONANT +ERU +IRU +IERU +OERU ------------------------------------------------------------------ 2 CONSONANT ! TABE ! =RU ! - ! - ! RU ! RE ! YO !! - ! - 2 CONSONANT ! KI ! =RU ! - ! - ! RU ! RE ! YO !! - ! - 2 CONSONANT ! MIE ! =RU ! - ! - ! RU ! RE ! YO !! - ! - 2 CONSONANT ! OBOE ! =RU ! - ! - ! RU ! RE ! YO !! - ! - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- IRRIGULAR VERBS --------------- 3 TO DO ! SURU ! SURU ! SHI ! SHI ! SURU !SURE ! SHIYO !! SHI ! SHI 3 TO COME ! KURU ! KURU ! KO ! KI ! KURU !KURE ! KURO !! KI ! KI 3 TO GO ! I ! =KU ! KA ! KI ! KU ! KE ! KO !! T ! T 3 TO SAY ! OSSHA! =RU ! RA ! I ! RU ! RE ! RO !! RI ! T ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- V1 = NEGATIVE BASE (NA-,NAI NAKATTA AND OTHER CONSTRUCTIONS V2 = POLITE FORM BASE (MASU,MASHITA,MASEN,MASEN DESHITA,MASHOO V2 = POLITE FORM BASE (-I AND OTHER CONSTRUCTIONS V3 = DICTIONARY FORM BASE (-U AND OTHER CONSTRUCTIONS V4 = CONDITIONAL FORM BASE (-E, -ERU AND OTHER CONSTRUCTIONS V5 = IMPERATIV BASE (BAD SPEACH TA = PLAIN PAST + I WILL DO FORM (TA- TAKUNAI,TAKATTA,TAKUNAKATTA, AND OTHERS TE = ENGLISH ING FORM (TE- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- base + letters befor the + a i u e o te Nr? + dictionary form + nai masu dict ba oo tai te ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1-Verb + a, i, u, - o + wa i u e - i t 1-Verb + a, i, u, e, o + ba bi bu be b bi n (de 1-Verb + a, i, u, e, o + ga gi gu ge g gi i (de 1-Verb + a, i, u, e, o + ka ki ku ke k i i 1-Verb + a, i, u, - o + ma mi mu me m mi n (de 1-Verb + - i - - - + na ni nu ne n ni n (de 1-Verb + hi, a, i, u, e, o + ra ri ru re r ri t 1-Verb + sha,sa, ha, + ra i ru re r ri t 1-Verb + a, i, u, e, o + sa shi su se sh shi shi 1-Verb + a, i, u, e, o + ta chi tsu te ch t t 2-Verb consonant + - i, - e, - + - - ru re y - - 2-Verb consonant + - - - e, - + - - ru re y - - 2-Verb + - ie, - - oe + - - ru re y - - 2-Verb + - i, - e, - + - - ru re y - - / irregular verbs like 3 / Verb ika iki iku ikere ik iki it 3 / Verb shi shi suru sure shiy shi shi 3 / Verb ko ki kuru kure kor ki ki 1 / Verb kira kiri kiru kire kir kiri kit ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A D J E C T I V E A N D C O P U L A A N D N O U N C O N J U G A T E D T A B L E ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ENG- ! JAPA- ! DICT ! PRESENT ! PAST ! CONDI- ! TE- !ADV LISH ! NESE ! EN- ! AFFIR! NEGA- !AFFIR ! NEGATIV ! TIONEL !FORM !BIAL ! LIKE ! DING ! MATIV! TIV !MATIV ! ! ! !FORM ! ! = ! + ! - ! + ! - ! ! ! ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I-ADJ ENDINGS ON -AI -II -OI -UI ------ RED ! AKA ! =I ! I ! KUNAI ! KATTA ! KUNAKATTA ! KEREBA ! KUTE ! KU GREAT ! OOKI ! =I ! I ! KUNAI ! KATTA ! KUNAKATTA ! KEREBA ! KUTE ! KU HEAVY ! OMO ! =I ! I ! KUNAI ! KATTA ! KUNAKATTA ! KEREBA ! KUTE ! KU THICK ! ATSU ! =I ! I ! KUNAI ! KATTA ! KUNAKATTA ! KEREBA ! KUTE ! KU ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- NA-ADJ ENDING ON -EI AND ALL THE OTHER FORMS ------ BEAUTI ! KIREI ! -NA ! NA ! UNCHANGEABLE IN ALL THE TIMES ! NI PRACTIC! BENRI ! -NA ! NA ! ONLY THE COPULA CHANGES -SEE BELOW- ! NI ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- NOUNS LIKE NA-ADJECTIVS ----- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- COPULA ! POLITE FORM ------ ! ----------- ! DESU ! DESU ! DESU! DEWA ! DESHI-! DEWA ! NARABA ! DE ! ! ! ! ! ARI- ! TA ! ARIMASEN ! ! ! ! ! ! ! MASEN ! ! DESHITA ! ! ! !----------------------------------------------------------------------- ! PLAIN FORM ! ---------- ! DESU ! DESU ! DA ! DEWA ! DATTA ! DEWA ! NARABA ! DE ! ! ! ! ! NAI ! ! NAKATTA ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- adj = adjectives conj = conjection Suf = sufix N = noun Nr = any number from 1 to 10 pn suf = propper noun suffix Pref = prefix prt = particle spez = specual sentence V1-V6 = verbs ? = question marker birabira = and all the others are sounds some exemples have been introduced, they are always behind their base form V1 - misenkei E negative base V2 - renyokei E continuative base nouns are changed into verbs V3 - rentaikei E attributive base V3 - shuushikei E conclusive base dictionary form V3 - shuushikei E which follows the verb and some adjectives V4 - kateikei E conditional base of the verbs V5 - meireikei E imperative base (bad speech) V6 - suiryookei E tentative base this had been sorted at this place " / " --------/-------------------------------------------------------------------- V2 -agaru E finish something V2 -agaru E up V2 -ageru E finish something V2 -ageru E up V3 -aida E while,all the time when aitsu = are E his,her their Suf -amari E over juu nenamari E over ten years are = aitsu E his,her their are wa = arya E over there is ariwa shinai = arya shinai E there is nothing (see also nai conj -aruiwa E or arya = are wa E over there is arya shinai = arewa shinai E there is nothing (see also nai V2 -asaru E do something in a frenzy V4 -ba E conditional base of the verbs V4 -ba ii n desu ka? E how (what etc) to do V4 -ba ii no ni E wish V4 -ba koso E emphatic V4 -ba v3) -dake E wish V4 -ba v3) -hodo E wish V3 -baai E when,in the case of V2 -bae E shown (heard) to advantage Nr -bai E multiplicativ (time prt -bakari E 1) only,merely,just,(see also dake) prt -bakari E 2) always prt -bakari E 3) about,approximately prt -bakari E 4) little soon,little quantity prt -bakari E 4) with only this little bit of prt -bakari E 5) to the extend that prt -bakari E 5) victually,practically,almost (see also kurai) prt -bakari E 6) be about to (see also tokoro) prt -bakari E 7) have just done,action just,completed (see tokoro) prt -bakari E 8) just,because prt -bakari E 9) on the point of ,just short of prt -bakari E 10) thinking that it is the least time to do prt -bakari E 11) thinking that it was only prt -bakari E 12) not only but also (see also dake) V3 -bakari E only,be about to,to the extend that pratically,almost V3 -bakari de wa nai E not only that N -bakari de wa naru mo E not only but also N -bakari ka mo E not only but also prt -bakashi = bakari E more colloquial prt -bakkari = bakari E more colloquial prt -bakkashi = bakari E more colloquial N -bamu E be slight in some condition Suf -ban E ordinal Nr -ban E ordinal counters ichiban E number one Suf -banme E ordinal ichibanme E the first batabata E footstepps or flapping V3 -bekarazaru E (precedes noun) that which should not be -ed V3 -bekarazu E don't,must not V3 -beki E must should berabera E talking glibly biribiri E sound of tearing up N -biru E apparent state bishobisho E drip,soak to the skin Nr -bon,pon,hon E long round object pref -boo E a certain pref -boo E deceased boofu E deceased father boojitsu E a certain day boribori E munch,crounch,scranch oneself oneself violently boroboro E crumble into decay botabota E dripdrip boyaboya E absent minded bukubuku E bubbling,fat,gaggy Nr -bun E part,fraction burabura E dangling N -buri E lapse of time N -buru E pretend to be,pose as,assume airs buruburu E shaking buyobuyo E soft and flabby pref -byoo E sickness byoonin E sick people cha E (see te wa chakichaki E efficient Nr -chaku E clothes pn suf -chan E for children chanchan E regularly promptly chau = te shimau E completiton or finality of an action Suf -chikaku E arriving at tookyoochikaku E arriving at tookyoo chimau = te shimau E completiton or finality of an action chinchin E boiling sound of hot water chokuchoku E toddling trees pn suf -choo,machi E town,district Nr -choo E a pair of scissors Nr -choo E beancurd Suf -chuu E during, in the midst kyuukachuu E during the war,in the midst of the war pref -chuu E super chuujin E superman V2 -da E informal perfective ending V2 -da ato de E after__ing V2 -da baai E (conditionel) if in case adj -da kara E because,since is the adj V2 -da tokoro da E have just dabudabu E loose garment conj -daga E but however pref -dai -tai E great hyakunendai E in the year 100 Suf -dai E level 1man endai E level of 10000yen pref -dai E no 1 daiichi E number one Suf -dai E period,age Suf -dai E size daigakkoo E university Nr -dai E vehicles,cars,trucks dai = de atte mo E even if, even though dai = demo E but,or something dai = desu ka E ___is it conj -dakara E so therefor N -dakara to itte E just because prt -dake E 1) only prt -dake E 2) as much as,as many as prt -dake E 3) just,only (see also bakari) prt -dake E 4) the more the more (see also hodo V3 -dake E as much as,only,just N -dake atte E as expected of V3 -dake atte = dake ni E as might be expected V3 -dake de wa nai E not only does 'he' not N -dake ni E as expected of prt -dake shika E only,nothing but conj -dakedo E but conj -dakeredomo E but Suf -dan E circle bundan E literary circle conj -danmi E but prt -dano E 1) and,or,and the like,and so forth prt -dano E 2) and what nor (often used in pairs) N -darake E full of ? -dare + v -te + mo E no matter who ? -dare E who spez -dare de mo nai E it is nobody ? -dare ka E someone spez -dare ka kimashita E someone came spez -dare ka shirimasen E i don't know who ? -dare mo + negative verb E nobody ? -dare mo E every one V3 -daroo E be probable adj -daroo E tentative V2 -dasu E out V2 -dasu E start___ing N -datera ni E in spite of the fact that conj -datta E but yet N -datta E it was conj -dattara E if so N -datte E even if prt -de E 0) (this particle has many meanings) prt -de E 1),speaking in,out of something etc prt -de E 1) going by,writing with,doing with prt -de E 2) according to,by prt -de E 3) in exchange for,for prt -de E 4) at, in, (undeterminated places prt -de E 4a) location of action,or location of existence prt -de E 4b) time consumed for an certain action prt -de E 5) among,between,within,in (limitting the condition prt -de E 6) at the age of prt -de E 7) with prt -de E 8) so (beginning of a sentence prt -de E 9a) may be considered as the second base of the copula prt -de E 9b) or as a particle because conj -de E and so V2 -de E because,the cause of the main verb V2 -de E conjunction for sequences of action and V2 -de E conjunction for simultaneous action,while V2 -de E how the action of the main verb is performed V2 -de E sentence ending mild colloquial womens speach N -de aru E become (see naru and te aru V2 -de aru E describe an action which has occured and is still in force N -de aru bakari dewa naku mo E not only but also N -de aru koto E become (see te aru koto N -de aru to wa E shows surprise,following the topic N -de atta / atta E there where occasions when N -de atte mo E even if, even though V2 -de ga aru E be substantial N -de mani awaseru E manage with,serve the purpose N -de mo E even,,whether or (used in pairs) N -de mo nai E not even N -de mo nai de mo nai E it isn't it isn't N -de mo nan de mo E everything including N -de mo nan de mo nai E nothing of that sort conj -de wa E well than N -de wa E if,accordingly,(used in comparison) well than N -de wa aru ga E (the following cause often is a negative concept N -de wa inai E (is a suffix) be enough N -de wa nai E is not conj -demo E but prt -demo E or something conj -deshitara E if so V3 -deshoo E probability conj -desuga E but however conj -desukara E so therefor,because ? -dochi ka E either one ? -dochi mo + negative verb E neither ? -dochi mo E both prt -do E but,thougt,and yet Nr -do E occurence time ? -dochira + v -te + mo E no matter which of the two ? -dochira E which of the two dokidoki E sound of heart throbbing,nervous ? -doko + v -te + mo E no matter where ? -doko E where ? -doko ka E somewhere spez -doko ka e ikimashita E he went somewhere spez -doko ka shitte imasu ka E do you know where ? -doko mo + negative verb E no where (nirgendwo) ? -doko mo E every where V3 -dokoro de wa nai E emphatic,far from N -dokoro de wa nai E far from V3 -dokoro ka E far from__ but N -dokoro ka E far from__ but,rather to the contrary V3 -dokoro ka E not at all__ but V3 -dokoro no hanashi de wa nai E emphatic,far from N -dokoro no hanashi de wa nai E far from V3 -dokoro no sawagi de wa nai E emphatic,far from pn suf -domo E official documents Suf -domo E plural of tomo ? -donata + v -te + mo E no matter who (polite) ? -donata E who (polite) ? -donata ka E someone ? -donata mo + negative verb E nobody ? -donata mo E every one dondon E sound of a drum,walk briskly,sound of a gun ? -donna + v de + mo E no matter to how ? -donna ni + v te + mo E no matter to how much ? -donna ni E to what extend ? -donna ni ka E how very much ? -donna ni mo + negative verb E (doesn't exist) ? -donna ni mo E (doesn't exist) ? -dono + noun + v -te + mo E no matter which noun among ? -dono + noun E which noun among ? -dono + noun ka E (except for case) ? -dono + noun mo + negat verb E no,none ? -dono + noun mo E every ? -doo + v -te + mo E no matter how ? -doo E how pn suf -doo E old province Suf -doo E shop name fuugetsudoo E the shop fuugetsu pref -doo E the same doonin E the same person ? -doo ka E somehow ? -doo mika E somehow ? -doo mo + negative verb E not at all,somehow ? -doo mo E (doesn't exist) spez -doomo arigatoo gozaimasu E thank you very much spez -doomo nihongo wa muzukashii desu E japanese is very difficult spez -doomo nihongo wa muzukashii desu E lit no matter how hard it work ? -doona + noun + v -te + mo E no matter what kind of (noun) ? -doona + noun E what kind of (noun) ? -doona + noun ka E (except for case) ? -doona + noun mo +negat verb E no kind ? -doona + noun mo E every kind pn suf -doori,toori E avenue,street Suf -dooshi E all through yodooshi E all night V2 -dooshi E keep ing ? -dore + v -te + mo E no matter which one ? -dore E which among many spez -dore de mo ii desu E anyone is all right ? -dore ka E one of many ? -dore mo + negative verb E none ? -dore mo E every one of them spez -dore mo ii desu E everything is good ? -dotchi + v -te + mo E no matter which of the two ? -dotchi E which of the two spez -dotchi de mo kamawanai E it doesn't matter which one ? -dotchi ka E either one ? -dotchi mo + negative verb E neither ? -dotchi mo E both doyadoya E sound of many footsteps prt -e E going to (see also no 4) prt -e E motion toward prt -e no E going to adj -ei,and all the others are E na-adjectives Nr -en E yen V2 -enai E is not possible pref -fu E dis- un- fukki E reversion pn suf -fu E metropolitan prefecture pref -fuku E compound fukubun E compound sentence Nr -fuku E cup of green tea pref -fuku E double fukusha E duplication Nr -fuku E hanging scrodl Nr -fuku E packed of powdered medecine Nr -fuku E puff of tabako smoke pref -fuku E re- pref -fuku E sub- fukuiinkai E subcomitee pref -fuku E vice- fukutaitoryoo E vicepresident furafura E being dizzy,being exhausted V3 -furi o suru E pretend futei E uncertainty Suf -fuu E styl,manner nihonfuu E japanese styl fuufuu E sound of hard breathing prt -ga E 1) the word preceding ga is the subject prt -ga E 2),potential,desiderative,fear,envy prt -ga E 2) whether or not,like,dislike,necessity V3 -ga E conjugative particle,but however N -ga atte no koto E because of V3 -ga mono wa nai E there is no need to gabugabu E drink liquid thirstly V2 -gachi E end to V2 -gai E worth___ing N -gakari de E combined N -gakaru E tinged with N -gamashii E looks like,sounds like,smacks of,it tastes like gamigami E speak crossly adj -gara E conject about the feelings or emotions of a third person adj -gari E a person exeedingly sensitive to the quality described by the adj V2 -garu E will do something pula n -garu E conject about the feelings or emotions of a third person Suf -gata E about time yuugata E about twilight Suf -gata E model 1970nengata E model of 1970 Suf -gata E pl form anatagata E you (plural) gatagata E rattling noise,trembling V2 -gatai E difficult to do N -gatera E while,at the same time pn suf -gawa,kawa E riwer gayagaya E talk noisily N -ge E seeming condition of others V2 -ge E seeming condition of others adj -ge E seeming condition of others gechagecha E chattering,tattling gerogero E laugh loudly pref -gi E artificial gisoku E artificial leg pref -gi E in-law giba E mother in-law pref -giji E pseudo gijishuukyoo E pseudo religion prt -giri,kiri E only gobogobo E sound of gushing water N -goro E approximate (time) N -goto E and all,together with,inclusive every Suf -goto E matter tadagoto E ordinary matter N -goto ni E every V3 -goto ni E every time gubugubu E sound of rinsing ones mounth pn suf -gun E country subprefecture gungun E walk briskly N -gurai / kurai E about,approximate,quality or quantity (see hodo prt -gurai /kurai E about,approximate,quality or quantity guruguru E turn around and around N -gurumi E alltogether,including guuguu E sound of deep sleeping,hungry stomach Nr -hai,pai E a cup of pref -hai E anti hainichi E antijapanese pref -hai E exclude Nr -haitsu E rounds V2 -hajimeru E start___ing hakihaki E speak clearly pref -han E anti oppose hanbei E anti american pref -han E half,semie hanbyoonin E a person not quite well Suf -han E offense shohan E the first offense pref -han E pan- han-tai-heyoo E pan-pazific V2 -hata E manner,way,how to conj -hatashite E as expected V2 -hatasu E finish___up V2 -hateru E end up,be finished Suf -hatsu E departing kyootoohatsu E departing from kyootoo V3 -hazu E normal expectation,supposed to,expected to V3 -hazu ga nai E it is not likely that,there is no reason to expect V3 -hazu mi ni E in the fact of V3 -hazu wa nai E it is not likely that,there is no reason to expect Nr -hen E chapter,district,volume Nr -hen E occurence time herahera E laugh condescendingly pref -hi E be subjected to Suf -hi E cost kenshikuhi E cost of construction pref -hi E non- un- hibunmeikoku E uncivilised country pref -hi E receiving hisenryookoku E occupied country V3 -hi ni wa E if,in case Nr -hiki E small animal pref -hira E common hirashain E mere clerk prt -hodo E 1) to the extend of,to the degree of,(comparation) prt -hodo E 2) about (see also kurai and bakari prt -hodo E 3) the more__ the more__ (see also dake) V3 -hodo E to the extend that,so much so that V3 -hodo no koto wa nai E less than hokahoka E warm Nr -hon,bon,pon E long round object pref -hon E the same honnin E the same person himself V3 -hoo E literally dirextion) side V3 -hoo E one as compared with or,opposed to another V3 -hoo ga ii E it is better to hyokohyoko E unsteady steps V3 -hyooshi n E in the fact of Suf -i E rank ichii E the first in the rank N -igai ni E except,outside of V3 -igai ni wa E expect that N -igo E after adj -ii,ai,oi,ui E real adjectives N -ijoo E more than,beyond,further V3 -ijoo wa E so long as N -ika E less than,below N -ikoo E on and after ? -iku + counter + ka E several ? -iku + counter + v -te + mo E no matter how many ? -iku + counter E how many ? -iku + counter mo + negat v E not many ? -iku + counter mo E any number,several pref -iku E several some ikunichi E several days ? -ikura + v -te + mo E no matter how much (money) ? -ikura E how much (money) spez -ikura demo arimasen ga orei no shirushi ni totte kudasai E it i`snt much but please take it as a token of mine ? -ikura ka E some amount ? -ikura mo + negative verb E not much ? -ikura mo E any amount,many ? -ikutsu + v -te + mo E no matter how many ? -ikutsu E how many ? -ikutsu ka E some quantity,some number ? -ikutsu mo + negative verb E not many ? -ikutsu mo E any number,several pref -ima E modern imadoki E present age ? -itsu + v -te + mo E no matter when ? -itsu E when ? -itsu ka E some time ? -itsu mo + negative verb E never ? -itsu mo E always N -izen E before,time ago -ja = de wa E negative use of the copula yonjuujaku E a little under 40 Suf -jaku E less than Suf -ji E matter,affaire kanshinji E matter of interest pref -ji E next jinan E the second son pref -ji E of the place jisake E sake of the place Suf -ji E order dainiji E the second in order pn suf -ji E road V2 -jidooshi + te iru E descriptive meaning pn suf -jima,shima E island,isle pn suf -jima,shima E isle jimejime E dump and humid N -jimiru E soak into,penetrate into (shimiru is the verb) nihonjin E japanese Suf -jin E nationality jirojiro E staring at something shuukaijo E meeting hall pn suf -jo E miss Suf -jo E place Nr -joo E article of documents N -joo E from the stand point of Suf -joo E place undoojoo E atletic field Nr -joo E ream of paper pref -joo E regular jootokui E regular customer Nr -joo E straw mat pref -jun E semi- quasi junkesshoo E semi final Suf -juu E entire 1nichijuu E during one day Suf -juu E fold nijuu E two folds juujuu E sizzling sound Suf -ka E -ize gutaika suru E materialize V3 -ka E 1) interrogative particle prt -ka E 1) sign of interrogative V3 -ka E 2) rhetorical question prt -ka E 2) rhetorical question - emphatic V3 -ka E 3) uncertainty prt -ka E 3) uncertainty prt -ka E 4) or compartition prt -ka E 5) either or prt -ka E 6) whether or not prt -ka E 7) something to the effect prt -ka E 8) cooloquial form of = shika Nr -ka E lesson Suf -ka E profession geijutsuka E artist V3 -ka doo ka E whether or nor V3 -ka doo ka ni yotte E depending on whether or not V3 -ka doo ka ni yotte E depending on whether or not N -ka na E i wonder if that is (by men) V3 -ka nai ka E whether or nor V3 -ka shira n E i wonder if N -ka shira n E i wonder if that is (by women) N -ka to bakari omoimashitau E thinking that it was the best thing N -ka to bakari omou E thinking that it is the best thing V3 -ka to omottara E when i thought that,as soon as V3 -ka to omou to E when i thought that,as soon as kachikachi E sound of two hard objects touching together V2 -kaesu E re__doing something V3 -kagiri E as far as Nr -kai E repetiton time Suf -kai E world shakai E society pn suf -kaidoo E highway pref -kaigi E conference V2 -kakeru E start___ing (but soon interrupted conj -kakushite E in this way V3 -kamo shirenai E may,possibly,(lit it means) one cannot know even whether V3 -kamo shirenu E may,possibly,(lit it means) one cannot know even whether Nr -kan E volume V3 -kanari ni E in place of,in exchange for V2 -kaneru E be hard to kankan E sound of bell,being very angry,strong heat V3 -kankei joo E due to the fact that prt -kara E 1) from prt -kara E 1a) spacial or prt -kara E 1b) tempura prt -kara E 2) after doing prt -kara E 3) since ,because V3 -kara koso E precisely,because V3 -kara ni wa E now that,since if prt -kara no E coming from N -kara shitte E at a mere glance or taste,sound etc V3 -kara to itte E just because adj -karoo E tentative adj -karoo ga? E no matter how,no matter what kasakasa E sound of dry object touching each other being very dry suf -kata E 1) way of doing suf -kata E 2) have the appearience of suf -kata E 3) changes some verbs into nouns conj -katsu E more over adj -katta E past positive form of adj adj -kattara E conditional if pn suf -kawa,gawa E riwer N -ke E essence,quality Suf -ke E family yamadake E the yamadaclan adj -ke E makes an adj into an abstract noun of the quality described by the adj Nr -ken E house pn suf -ken E prefecture adj -kereba E conditional if prt -keredo E but (see also ga) V3 -keredo E but however conj -keredo mo E but conj -keredomo E but prt -keredomo E but (see also ga) V3 -keredomo E but however kerokero E nonchalant pref -ki E your kikoo E your school V3 -ki ga aru E have a mind to V3 -ki ga suru E have a feeling that,feel like V3 -ki ni naru E come to feel like___ing V3 -kirai ga aru E is hateful,awful kirakira E shiny V2 -kireru E run out of prt -kiri E only V2 -kiru E be trough,completely pn suf -ko E lake pref -ko E little Nr -ko E piece pref -ko E small,pretty koyakunin E pretty official pref -ko E the late ko miki-shi E the late mr miki Nr -ko E women name koitsu = kore E this here V2 -komu E in,into V2 -komu E to settle firmly in the state of preceading pref -kon E this time konshuu E this week pref -koo E favorable pref -koo E good koojinfutsuu E good natured man kora wa = kore wa = kore wa E this is kore = koitsu E this here kore wa = korya = kora wa E this is N -koro = goro E approximate (time) korokoro E round object rolling korya = kore wa = kora wa E this is prt -kososs E 1) emphatic prt -kososs E 2) just because V3 -koto E 1) causes the verb which precedes it,to be changed into a noun V3 -koto E 2) exclamation ending V3 -koto E 3) with verbal Adj of time for a period = aida V3 -koto E thing in the abstract sence) V3 -koto ga aru E there are occasions when V3 -koto ga atta E there where occasions when V3 -koto ga dekiru E if is possible to,can do V3 -koto ni naru E 1) it is decided that V3 -koto ni naru E 2) it is arranged that V3 -koto ni naru E 3) it has come about that V3 -koto ni natte iru E this is the practise,it is customary that V3 -koto ni shitte iru E make it at practise to V3 -koto ni suru E decide V3 -koto to omou E i think that V3 -koto wa = v3 ni wa v3 E repetition of the same verb) as far as___is concerned V3 -koto wa = v3 ni wa v3 E repetition of the same verb) it is allright,but kotokoto E sound of rapping kotsukotsu E sound of koocking industrial noise adj -ku E makes also a few adj into nouns i-adj -ku + verb E makes an adj into an adverb pn suf -ku E ward adj -ku mo E either___and adj -ku mo nai E neither___nor adj -ku mo nashi E neither___nor kuchakucha E messed up,wrinkled up pn suf -kun E young friends,among themselfs adj -kunai E negative present form of ku adj -kunakatta E past negative form of adj V3 -kurai -gurai -hodo E to the extend that,even,su much so that prt -kurai E 0) gurai is more colloquial prt -kurai E 1a) to the extent that,almost,so much so that prt -kurai E 1b),even,degree (see also hodo) prt -kurai E 2) as much as,that much prt -kurai E 3) about,approximate,quality or quantity V3 -kurai E to the extend that,so much so that N -kusai E smell of V3 -kuse ni E allbought allways,followed by a negative idia,or feeling of contempt adj -kute E 1) te form of the adj adj -kute E 1a) conjunction and adj -kute E 2) cause because adj -kute mo E superlative form of adjectives adj -kute sumu E get by adj -kute tamaranai E it is so___that it is unbearable Nr -kyaku E chair Suf -kyoo E a little over 20 nenkyoo E a little over than 20years Suf -kyoo E faith kirisutokyoo E christianity Suf -kyoo E maniac shashinkyoo E photograph maniac kyorokyoro E goggle kyorokyoro E tall and skinny pref -kyuu E former,ex- kyuugunjin E exsoldier pref -ma E mid- manatsu E midsommer pref -ma E plain- pref -ma E right Nr -ma E room pn suf -machi,choo E town,district prt -made E 1) as far as prt -made E 2) until prt -made E 3) even V3 -made E until V3 -made mo nai E goes whithout___ing V3 -made ni E by N -made ni E by (time) V3 -mae ni E (sequence of action) before,at (00 00h or so) magomago E confused V3 -mai E 0) (tentative negative opposite of tentative form) V3 -mai E 1) negative tentative V3 -mai E 2) negative will pref -mai E every mainichi E every day V1 -mai E tentative negative only v1+v3 = negative probability V1 -mai E tentative negative only v1+v3 = negative will Nr -mai E thin objects like paper,cards V3 -mai kara E emphasis because he is not V3 -mai shi E emphasis because he is not Nr -maki E roll V3 -mama ni E just as V3 -mamo naku E without having time to do pref -man E full mangetsu E fullmoon pref -mane E miniature maneningyoo E miniature doll V1 -masen E present negative form of the verbs V1 -masendeshita E past negative form of the verbs V2 -mashita E past positive verbform mashita E right bellow masshoojiki E plain honesty V2 -masu E polite suffix,present tense conj -mata E and moreover conj -matawa E or pn suf -me E expresses abuse adj -me E expresses the possession of this character pref -me E female megami E female god meushi E cow adj -me E for degree of adj and quality Suf -me E ordinal hitotsume E the first one pref -mei E non,less meijuu E heartless pref -mei E noted meimon E noted family Nr -mei E people,more formel than nin N -mekasu E intentionally shows himself to be of the quality of the preceding N N -meku E have the appearence of,show signs of N -mi E flavor,essence taste (geschmack) V3 -mitai E appears as if prt -mo E 1) also,too prt -mo E 2) as many as,as much as, prt -mo E 3) even (see also sae) prt -mo E 4) do not even do prt -mo E 5) both___and prt -mo E 6) neither___nor prt -mo E 7) whether___or prt -mo E 8) even if prt -mo E 9) (double particle) also doing something too prt -mo E but,thougt,and yet conj -mo E further V2 -mo mo suru E do both this and that N -mo aroo ni E expected occurience V2 -mo shinai E don't even do N -mo sokosoko ni E hurriedly V2 -mo sureba E do both this and that V2 -mo sureba E not only___but also that V2 -mo suru E do both this and that V2 -mo suru E not only___but also that mojimoji E hesitate V3 -mono E (literally) thing or person in the concrete sense V3 -mono E 1) person V3 -mono E 2) thing V3 -mono E 3) obligation V3 -mono E 4) reason V3 -mono E 5) emphatic V2 -mono E thing the verb becomes a noun V3 -mono de mo nan de monai E nothing of that sort V3 -mono de wa nai E should not V3 -mono ja nai E should not V3 -mono mon de ja nai E should not V3 -mono mon de wa nai E should not V3 -mono no E altbough monyamonya E mumble conj -mottomo E however,of course N -muki E suitable for pn suf -mura E village V3 -n' E short form of no,posessive form n' = no E possessive form copula n -sa E makes a copular noun into an abstract noun copula n -so da E attributive form(it appears copula n -so na E attributive form(it appears V1 -n E tentative speakers conjecture V3 -na E 1) prohibition prt -na E 1a) at the end of a sentence) don't (prohibition) prt -na E 1b) you know,you see,don't you think so prt -na E 1c) i wonder prt -na E 1d) (imperatif vulgar speach only) prt -na E 2) it is the attributive form of the copula form nari V3 -na E 2) sentence ending used by men copuln -na E makes a copular noun into a modified of another noun N -na mi E ordinary N -na mi ijoo E more than average N -na mi ni E as N -na mi no E common ordinary N -na no E sentence ending for women,more familliar than (desu no) N -na no da E it is the fact that it is N -na no de E because it is N -na no n da E it is the fact that it is N -na no ni E altbough it is,in spite of the fact that it is prt -naa E 1) (exclamation used by men) (womens use is na or ne) prt -naa E 2) wish prt -naa E 3) informal salutations (by men) V3 -naa E exclamation how nado E such things as,for exemple,and the like,something like prt -nagara E 1) simultaneous actions of one subject prt -nagara E 2) while prt -nagara E 3) altbough,all,before and now V2 -nagara E simultaneous state or action of the same person V2 -nagara E while,thought V1 -nai E informal negative ending Suf -nai E within kikannai E within the period V1 -nai bakari de wa nai E not only does 'he' not V1 -nai dake de wa nai E not only does 'he' not V1 -nai de E instead of,without___ing V1 -nai de hoshii E i do not want you to do V1 -nai de kudasai E please don't V1 -nai de moraitai E i do not want you to do V1 -nai de sumu E get by without doing something V1 -nai hazu wa nai E there is no reason not to do,it's likely that V1 -nai hoo ga ii E it's better not to do V1 -nai kawari ni E instead of V1 -nai koto wa nai E it is not that i don't V1 -nai mae ni E before V1 -nai nara E if not V1 -nai shi nai E not only 'he' does not he does not either V1 -nai to E unless ,if not V1 -nai to kagiranai E it is not impossible it may be V1 -nai uchi ni E before V1 -nai wake de wa nai E it does not mean that i don't V1 -nai wake ni ikanai E cannot very well not do something V1 -nai yoo ni E in order not to do -nakanaka + negativ V-form E it isn't yet but it will be soon -nakanaka + negativ adj-form E it isn't yet but it will be soon V1 -nakattara E (negative conditional ) if not V1 -nakereba E (negative conditional ) if not V1 -nakereba = nakattara E (negative conditional ) if not V1 -nakereba ikenai E you must V1 -nakereba naranai E i must V1 -nakucha = nakereba E (negative conditional ) if not V1 -nakucha = nakute wa E the topic ist not V1 -nakute E because not V1 -nakute mo E even if you don't V1 -nakute mo ii E you need not,you do not have to V1 -nakute wa E the topic ist not V1 -nakuto mo = nakute mo E even if you don't ? -nan' + counter + ka E several ? -nan' + counter + v -te + mo E no matter how many ? -nan' + counter E how many ? -nan' + counter mo + negat v E not many,less than ? -nan' + counter mo E any number,several ? -nan' E what is that,how is that ? -nan' mo E (doesn't exist) spez -nan de mo arimasen E it is nothing spez -nan de mo kamaimasen E it doesn't matter what it is spez -nan de mo tabemasu E he eats anything spez -nan de mo tabemasu E he eats everything nando = nado E such things as,for exemple,and the like,something like nando = nanka E what is it ? -nani + v -te + mo E no matter what ? -nani E how many,what is that ? -nani ka E something ? -nani mo + negative verb E nothing ? -nani mo E nothing (with negative verbending) spez -nani mo arimasen E there is nothing spez -nani mo kaimasen E he doesn't care about anything V2 -naosu E re___(correct something V3 -nara E conditional,if N -nara de wa E without,none but N -nara tomokaku E it would be excusable if it where___but N -nara tonikaku E it would be excusable if it where___but V3 -nara v3 de E emphatic conditional V2 -nareru E get used to___ing V3 -nari E 1) as soon as prt -nari E 1) whether or,either or prt -nari E 2) as soon as V3 -nari E 2) just as prt -nari E 3) conditions unchanged (see also mama de) prt -nari E 4) no matter what,no matter how N -nari ni E in the capacity of V3 -nari v3 -nari E either___or V2 -nasai E imperative N -nashi de E without N -nashi de wa E without (followed by a negative N -nashi no E without ? -naze + v -te + mo E no matter why ? -naze E why spez -naze demo ikitakkatta n desu E no matter what the reason is i wanted to go spez -naze demo ikitakunakatta n desu E no matter what the reason i didn't want to go ? -naze ka E somehow ? -naze mo + negative verb E (doesn't exist) ? -naze mo E (doesn't exist) prt -ne E 1) like (it is,isn't it) (also in the negative form) prt -ne E 2) shows speakers familiarity to listeners V3 -ne E final particle,implies that the speaker want the hearer to agree V1 -nebanaranai=nakerebanaranai E i must Suf -netsu E fever binetsu E little tuch of fever V2 -ni + verb of motion E indicate a purpose,going toward__ prt -ni E 1) in,at,location of existance,and location of action prt -ni E 2) point of arrival prt -ni E 3) designates time prt -ni E 4) going to prt -ni E 4) per by (car prt -ni E 5) in,into (entering motion) prt -ni E 6) into (change of situation,status prt -ni E 7) against prt -ni E 8) to (indirect object prt -ni E 9) as (purpose) (see also to shite) prt -ni E 10) and (connecting two nouns) prt -ni E 11) by (force someone to do something prt -ni E 12) from (someone else had it done for you) prt -ni E 13) allow someone to do something prt -ni E 14) in order to prt -ni E 15) makes an honorific verb prt -ni E 16) (emphasis) duplication of the same verb prt -ni E 17) (duplication of the same verb but negative) prt -ni E 17) we cannot do,even if we want to do copuln -ni E makes a copular noun into an adverb Suf -ni E resemble oyani E resemble parents na-adj -ni + verb E makes an adj into an adverb V3 -ni atari E at the time when prt -ni ataru E 1) become prt -ni ataru E 2) be V3 -ni atatte E at the time when prt -ni au E meet N -ni chigainai E there is no doubt of V3 -ni chiganai E there is no doubt that,it is certain that N -ni datte E even to,even at N -ni demo = ni datte E even to,even at prt -ni hansuru E be against,oppose prt -ni hantai suru E be against,oppose N -ni hirei shite E in proportion to prt -ni hitoshii E be egual to N -ni hoka naranai E no other than,nothing but N -ni itaru made E until N -ni itatte wa E reaching N -ni iwasereba E according to V3 -ni kagiru E is limitted to,is the best prt -ni kagiru E is the best (literally limited) N -ni kagitte E particularly,one out of all the things prt -ni kakaru E start V2 -ni kakaru E starting___with some effort prt -ni kakeru E hang N -ni kakete E extending over N -ni kakete wa E as far as___is concerned N -ni kansezu E regardless N -ni kanshite E concerning prt -ni kansuru E concerning attributive N -ni kansuru kagiri E as far as___is concerned prt -ni kara E be close to prt -ni katsu E win N -ni kawatte E in place of N -ni ki ga tsuku E notice that N -ni ki o tsukeru E pay attention to prt -ni kiku E ask someone prt -ni kimeru E decide on N -ni koshita koto wa nai E nothing can be better than V3 -ni koshita koto wa nai E nothing can be better than prt -ni kuru shimu E be puzzled at prt -ni makaseru E entrust prt -ni makeru E lose N -ni menjite E in consideration for N -ni mieru E it looks as if it where prt -ni miru E resemble N -ni mo hodo ga aru E goes beyond the limit N -ni mo kakawarazu E in spite of V3 -ni mo kakawarazu E in spite of the fact that prt -ni naru E 1) become prt -ni naru E 2) be N -ni no zonde E in the presence of,in the time of prt -ni noru E get into a vehicle,ride in a vehicle prt -ni odoroku E be surprised at N -ni ojite E in response to N -ni okeru E in prt -ni onaji E the same as V3 -ni oyobi E at the time when N -ni oyobi E reaching prt -ni oyobu E reach,amount to,match V3 -ni oyonde E at the time when N -ni saishite E where,at the time of N -ni sego E whether or N -ni shicha E colloquial for (ni shite wa) N -ni shigainai E it must be prt -ni shika E be close to V3 -ni shiku wa nai E nothing like,nothing as good as V3 -ni shinobinai E cannot allow onesself to V3 -ni shinobinai E do not have the heart to V3 -ni shiro E even if N -ni shiro E whether or V3 -ni shiro v -nai ni shiro E whether or N -ni shita gatte E following N -ni shita tokoro de E even V3 -ni shita tokoro de E even if V3 -ni shitagatte E an imprtation to N -ni shite mo E even V3 -ni shite mo E even if N -ni shite wa E for N -ni soo inai E there is no doubt of N -ni sooi nai E it must be N -ni sotte E along N -ni suginai E nothing but,no more than V3 -ni suginai E nothing but,no more than N -ni taishite E 1) concerning N -ni taishite E 2) as opposed to N -ni tomaru E in keeping with N -ni tomokatte E in keeping with prt -ni tomonau E keep step with N -ni totte E from the standpoint of,for N -ni tsuite E concerning N -ni tsuite E concerning V3 -ni tsuite E concerning prt -ni tsukaeru E serve someone V3 -ni tsurete E in accordance with,in proportion N -ni tsurete E in accordance with,in proportion to prt -ni tsuzuku E fellow,be connected to N -ni wa E for V3 -ni wa E in order to V3 -ni wa oyobanai E unnecessary to do V3 -ni wa v3 - E repetition of the same verb) as far as,is concerned N -ni yoreba E according to N -ni yori E from prt -ni yoru E depend on N -ni yoru to E according to V3 -ni yotte E depending on whether nichanicha E soft and sticky,slimy pref -nii E new niizuma E new wife nikoniko E smile V2 -nikui E difficult to do Nr -nin E people niyaniya E grin V3 -no E 0) nominalizes the preceding verb prt -no E 1) of,'s (possessive form of subjects,objects,verbs adj,etc V3 -no E 1) one who V3 -no E 2) is a fact that prt -no E 2) opposition prt -no E 3) the particle is interchangeable with (ga and wa) V3 -no E 3) time when V3 -no E 4) sentence ending particle prt -no E 5) it becomes a noun,a fact,a thing,a time,a person,one V3 -no E 5) sentence ending colloquial substitude for ka V3 -no E 6) sentence ending womens speach prt -no E 6a) sentence colloquial, used more by men than by women prt -no E 6b) interrogative,takes the place of (ka?) prt -no E 6c) softens the tone prt -no E 7) whether___or prt -no E 8) (with v3 -no or v3 -koto normalizes the verb N -no amari ni E because of the intensity of V3 -no de E 1) literally) fact being that V3 -no de E 2) emphasis (on the reason V3 -no de E since because V3 -no de ii E it is all right with the one that V3 -no de mo nan de mo nai E not doing anything with that sort V3 -no de wa nai E it is not the fact that V3 -no de wa nai daroo ka E i wonder if___not V3 -no de wa nakute E it is not the fact___but N -no hazu da E is supposed to,is expected to N -no hoo E comparision N -no iu E so called N -no kawari ni E instead of,replacing something N -no kirai ga aru E have a tendency to be N -no koto E about N -no koto dakara E knowing how one is N -no koto to ieba E speaking of N -no naka de N wa ichiban adj E N wa is the superlative adj of; among all V3 -no ni E 1) in order to V3 -no ni E 2) in process of doing V3 -no ni E 3) sentence ending expresses regret or impatience V3 -no ni taishite E as opposed to,in contrast to N -no sei de E because of N -no sei ka E perhaps because of N -no tame ni E 1) because of N -no tame ni E 2) for the sake of N -no toori E according to N -no tsuide ni E while doing N -no ue de E in,on,upon doing N -no ue ni E in addition to V3 -no wa betsu to shite E 1) to say nothing of V3 -no wa betsu to shite E 2) setting aside V3 -no wa tomokaku (to shite) E 1) to say nothing of V3 -no wa tonikaku (to shite) E 2) setting aside N -no yoo da E appears N -no yoo na E attributive of N -no yoo ni E adverbial of prt -nomi E only,merely (see also dake,bakari) N -nomi de wa naku mo E not only___but also V3 -nomi narazu E not only but N -nomi narazu E not only___but also V1 -nu E negative suffix like arimasen -nya = ni wa E for,in order to V2 -o -da E (colloquial honorific = o prt -o E 1) (noun+o+verb that i do prt -o E 2) route of motion prt -o E 3) point of departure V2 -o asobasu E high form of honorific prt -o deru E start,leave prt -o gaman suru E bear,suppress N -o hajime to shite E beginning with V2 -o itasu E (humble form) prt -o kiku E hear something V2 -o kudasai E polite imperative V2 -o kudasaimase E more polite than o kudasai prt -o matsu E wait for N -o moto ni shite E based on N -o motte E with N -o negatte yamanai E desire cinserely,i do not stop hoping V2 -o ni naru E honorific form prt -o sotsugyoo suru E graduate from prt -o shi ni V3 E 9motion verbs iku kuru etc) the fact or the reason of the motion prt -o suru E (change nouns with o suru into verbs) prt -o tasukeru E help someone prt -o tatsu E leave start N -o tooshite E trough prt -o warau E laugh at prt -o watarau E cross over N -oki ni E at intervals of pref -oni E tough onikenji E relentless prosecutor V6 -oo ga to E it does not matter if something happens V3 -osore ga aru E there is the risk that,be in danger to V2 -owaru E finishing pachipachi E sound of applause sound of fire crackling Nr -pai,hai E a cup of pasapasa E dry pekopeko E hungry stomach perapera E fluent in lunguage pikapika E shiny pinpin E very healthy pokapoka E very warm Nr -pon,hon,bon E long round object poripori E crunch crunch poroporo E sheddling copious tears crumble potsupotsu E fall in big drops little by little N -ppoi E changing a trait of character puripuri E being mad Suf -ra E plural kodomora E the children pref -rai E next rainen E next year Suf -rai E since sakunenrai E since last year V1 -rareru E honorific reason V1 -rareru E potential V1 -rareru E signe of passive V3 -rashii E it seems that,gives every appearence N -rashii E like,has all the character of V1 -reru E honorific reason V1 -reru E i can do something V1 -reru E signe of passive Nr -retsu E row pn suf -rettoo E chain of islands Nr -rin E flower Nr -ryo E carriage Suf -ryuu E style furansuryuu E frenchstyle V3 -sa E (sentence ending particle) indeed you know! prt -sa E 0) (at the end of a sentence,it has many reasons like) prt -sa E 1) which i told you about prt -sa E 2) naturelly prt -sa E 3) of course prt -sa E 4) you should see it yourself adj -sa E makes an adjectiv into an abstract noun prt -sae E even,only if V2 -sae sureba E (emphatic) if only Nr -sai E age pref -sai E re- saiken E reconstruction pref -sai E the most saidai E the biggest V3 -sai E when V3 -saichuu ni E in the middst of pn suf -sama E more polite than san mister,mniss pn suf -san,zan,yama E mountain pn suf -san E mister miss Nr -sao E chest of drawers conj -sarani E further sarasara E sound of clearstream sarasara E sound rustling feel of dry and smouth touch V1 -sareru E (causative passive) is caused,be forced to V1 -sareru E high form of honorific V1 -sasareru E (causative passive) is caused,is forced V1 -sasareru E high form of honorific V1 -saserareru E (causative passive) is caused,is forced V1 -saserareru E high form of honorific V1 -saseru E (causative) makes one do something V1 -sasete ageru E allow someone to do something V1 -sasete itadaku E be permitted to do something V1 -sasete kudasaru E allow me to do something V1 -sasete kureru E allow me to do something V1 -sasete morau E be permitted to do something V1 -sasete yaru E allow someone to do something V1 -sashite ageru E allow someone to do something V1 -sashite itadaku E be permitted to do something V1 -sashite kudasaru E allow me to do something V1 -sashite kureru E allow me to do something V1 -sashite morau E be permitted to do something V1 -sashite yaru E allow someone to do something V1 -sasu E (causative) makes one do something conj -sate E well Nr -satsu E books Suf -sei E -ness,quality Suf -sei E manufactured nihonsei E manufactured in japan sekkyokusei E positivness pref -sei E regular seikaiin E regular member V3 -sei da E it is because V3 -sei ka E perhaps because sekaseka E restless pref -sen E last sengetsu E last month Suf -sen E selections bungakusen E modern japanese selections Suf -sen E transit line yamamotosen E yamamoto line V1 -serareru E (causative passive) is caused,be forced to V1 -serareru E high form of honorific V1 -seru E (causataive) i make someone doing something V1 -sete ageru E i allow someone to do something V1 -sete itadaku E be permitted to do something V1 -sete kudadasu E allow me to do something V1 -sete kureru E allow me to do something V1 -sete morau E be permitted to do something V1 -sete yaru E i allow someone to do something prt -shi E and not only___but also prt -shi E as well as (connects two nouns pn suf -shi E city pn suf -shi E honorific name suffix (only in letters V3 -shi E not only,but also,and N -shidai E 1) depending on N -shidai E 2) as soon as V2 -shidai E as soon as prt -shika E only,nothing but (see also dake,dake shika) conj -shikaruni E however conj -shikashi E but conj -shikashinagara E but however Suf -shiki E model saishinshiki E the newest modell shikushiku E cry sorrowfully pn suf -shima,jima E isle,island shimijimi E keenly,deeply shinshin E quiet and cold pref -shita E lower shitabaki E fontwear pref -shita E rough shitagaki E rough copy pref -shita E sub- shitauke E sub contract pref -shita E under shitatetsu E undergroundtrain conj -shitagatte E therefor V1 -shite ageru E i allow someone to do something V1 -shite itadaku E be permitted to do something V1 -shite kudasaru E allow me to do something V1 -shite kureru E allow me to do something V1 -shite morau E be permitted to do something V1 -shite yaru E i allow someone to do something conj -shitemiruto E then shitoshito E raining quietly Nr -sho E chapter yakusho E gouvernment office pref -sho E many shokoku E several countries Suf -sho E place pref -shoo E genuine shookin E hard cash Suf -shu E person untenshu E driver Nr -shu E poem pn suf -shuu E continent pn suf -shuu E usa state V2 -sobireru E fail to V2 -sobireru E loose a chance to soitsu = sore wa E that is conj -sokode E accordingly conj -sokode E thereupon V2 -sokonau E fail to Nr -soku E footwear conj -somosomo E in the first place conj -sonoue E more over Nr -soo E boat pref -soo E entire adj -soo E seeming conditions of others adj -soo da E for attributive form) it appears V3 -soo da E i understand that V2 -soo da E it looks as if it will V2 -soo da E it seems imminent conj -soo ka to itte E even so it is said adj -soo na E for attributive form) it appears V2 -soo na E it looks as if it will V2 -soo na E it seems imminent conj -soo sureba E if so then sooin E the whole membership conj -sooshitara E and then conj -sooshite E and conj -soosuruto E then,if so pref -sora E feigned soramimi E deafness conj -sore dewa E well then conj -sore kara E and then conj -sore mo E and that conj -sore nara E if so,then sore wa E that is conj -soredakara E therefor,accordingly conj -sorede E therefor,accordingly conj -soredemo E but even that conj -soredokoro ka E far from it conj -soreni E besides conj -soretomo E or conj -sorewasooto E by the way conj -soreyueni E so sorya = sureba E not only___but also that,do both this and that Suf -sugi E past gojisugi E past 5 oclock copuln -sugi mo E neihter___nor adj -sugi mo shinai E neither___nor adj -sugimo sezu E neither___nor V2 -sugiru E over- adj -sugiru E too copuln -sugiru E too V3 -sugiru kirai ga aru E less awful adj -sugiru kirai ga aru E there is a tendency to be too copuln -sugiru kirai ga aru E there is a tendency to be too V2 -sugiru kirai ga aru E there is a tendency to over___ supasupa E smoke puff prt -sura E even (emphatic) see also sae sureba E not only___but also that,do both this and that sutasuta E briskly pref -suu E several suujitsu E several days suyasuya E sleeping peacefully V2 -ta E informal perfective ending pref -ta E many tahoomen E many sides pref -ta E strange tanin E stranger V2 -ta ato de E after___ing V2 -ta baai E (conditionel) if in case V2 -ta bakari E has just___, made for the first time V2 -ta bakari desu kara E because__just had___it is still__ V2 -ta bakari ni E sjust because V2 -ta ga saigo E once you do V2 -ta kara E because,since doing the verb V2 -ta kiri E just did___and___(implies finality V2 -ta koto ga aru E experience up to the present V2 -ta koto ga atte E past experience V2 -ta koto ni suru E assume V2 -ta mono E as it is V2 -ta mono da E habitual occurence in the past V2 -ta oboe ga aru E remember that V2 -ta tameshi ga nai E have never V2 -ta tokoro da E have just V2 -ta tokoro de E even thougt V2 -ta tokoro ga E when (the following clause express something contrary to normal expectation V2 -ta tsumori da E i am under the impression that V2 -ta ue de E after___ing,upon___ing V3 -tabi ni E each time Suf -tachi E plural bokutachi E we (for men) conj -tada E only,but conj -tadaishi E but V2 -tadooshi + te iru E progressive form,continuative action,doing something V2 -tadooshi E describe an action which has occured and is still in force V2 -tagaru E wish of someone else other than the speaker want to pref -tai E against pref -tai E big V2 -tai E desiderative - i will,i want to V2 -tai E present positive verbform, i will,i want to do pref -tai E prominent taishi E ambassador pref -tai E toward,against taibei seisaku E policy towards america taibei seisaku E policy against america Suf -tai E zone nettai E torrid zone,tropical zone pref -takaku E many sides takaku E multiple V2 -takatta E past positive verbform, i would V1 -takunai E i will not V1 -takunakatta E i would not V2 -takute E te-form of tai V2 -takute tamaranai E is so___that it is unbearable V2 -tamae E an imperative suffix used by men on a friendly level in modern jap V3 -tame ni E 1) purpose,in order to V3 -tame ni E 2) reason,because Suf -tan E end sainantan E end furthest south Nr -tan E land 245 acres Nr -tan E roll of kimono material pref -tan E single tandoku E singleness separatness V2 -tara E (conditionel) if in case V2 -tara E colloquial conditional if when ? V2 -tara ii ka wakaranai E don't know what to do V2 -tara saigo E once you do prt -tari E 1) sometimes doing this___sometimes doing that___ prt -tari E 2) doing such things as V2 -tari E 2) one with,or more actions in alternative means V2 -tari E now doing this___and that,do such things as N -taru E will be N -taru koto E become (see te aru koto N -taru ni mo kakawarazu E in spite of the fact that it is N -taru ni suginai E be no more than tatte = te mo E even if prt -te E 1) is the te-form of the verbs prt -te E 2) something one is usual to do,or doing at the moment and not finishing to do V2 -te E because,the cause of the main verb V2 -te E conjunction for sequences of action and V2 -te E conjunction for simultaneous action,while V2 -te E how the action of the main verb is performed V2 -te E sentence ending mild colloquial womens speach N -te E which was said V2 -te ageru E do a favor in doing something V2 -te aru E describe an action which has occured and is still in force V2 -te bakari iru E always V2 -te hoshii E want someone to do something ? V2 -te ii no ka wakaranai E don't know how V2 -te iku E 1a) verb of learning or performing a skill + V2 -te iku E 1b) te iku refers to the performance of an V2 -te iku E 1c) action from the present or some V2 -te iku E 1d) future point in time onwards V2 -te iku E direction of the action (away from the location of the speaker V2 -te iku E opposite of te kuru V2 -te irai E since V2 -te iru E progressive form,continuative action,doing something V2 -te itadaku E to be fortunate to receive someone's favor V2 -te kara E after___ing V2 -te koso E only when V2 -te kudasai E mild imperative V2 -te kudasaru E be kind to do something V2 -te kure E abrupt imperative,used by men V2 -te kureru E be kind to do something V2 -te kuru E 1a) refers to the performance of an action but not beyond V2 -te kuru E 1b) beginning at any point in the past and continuing as far as the present V2 -te kuru E some verb and te kuru = beginning to V2 -te kuru E verb of learning or performing a skill + te kuru V2 -te kuru E verb of motion + te kuru = direction of the action when it is towards the speaker V2 -te made E even going to the extend of V2 -te mieru E appears as if V2 -te miru E to do something and see what happens V2 -te miru E try doing something V2 -te mo E even if ? V2 -te mo E no matter what or how V2 -te mo ii E you may,it is allowed V2 -te mo kamawanai E it dosn't matter if you do V2 -te mo v1 -nakute mo E weather or V2 -te moraitai E want someone to do something V2 -te morau E be fortunate to receive someones favor V2 -te naranai E couldn't help___ing V2 -te nokeru E mannage to do V2 -te oku E do something for future V2 -te oku E leave it or let it go at that V2 -te oraitai E want someone to do something V2 -te ori E conjunctive,is doing this and that V2 -te sae v- ba E only if V2 -te shimau E completiton or finality of an action V2 -te shiyoo ga nai E couldn't help___ing V2 -te wa E conditional of the pattern,if a then negative verb V2 -te wa ikanai E probability it cannot go if you do something therefore,you may not___ V2 -te wa irarenai E be unable to bear V2 -te wa komaru E we will be in difficult if you do V2 -te wa naranai E prohibition) you must not V2 -te yaru E do a favor in doing something te yashinai = te wa inai E probability it cannot go if you do something therefore,you may not___ tekateka E bright shiny N -teki E -ic or -cal (like historic or historical Nr -teki E drop of liquid Nr -ten E points V3 -to E 1) (conditional) if,when prt -to E 1) and prt -to E 2) together with V3 -to E 2) whenever,(if an certain condition occures or something happens prt -to E 3) comparative with V3 -to E 3) time sequence V3 -to E 4) (sign of closing quotation prt -to E 4) quantitive prt -to E 5) if,when,(conditional form) prt -to E 6) is about to do something prt -to E 7) trying to do something (unsuccessfully prt -to E 8) whether___or,even if prt -to E 9) in the manner of (adverbial) pn suf -to E metropolis N -to bakari omou E always think that N -to chigatte E unlike,different from prt -to chigau E be different from prt -to hitoshii E be egual to N -to ieba E speaking of V3 -to ieba ieru E if you want,you can say conj -to itte E and yet,but even V3 -to iu E 1) say that V3 -to iu E 2) which (or who) is called V3 -to iu E 3) defined as V5 -to iu E indirecte command to tell someone to do something N -to iu E so called N -to iu E which is called,who is called,refered to as V3 -to iu dake no koto E it is only because V3 -to iu hanashi da E i hear that,i understand that V3 -to iu hanashi koto da E i hear that,i understand that N -to iu hodo no E what you can,all V3 -to iu koto da E i hear that,i understand that V3 -to iu koto dake de wa E it is only because N -to iu no ni E in spite of the fact that N -to iu no wa E one which is called N -to iu yoo na E such things as V3 -to iu yoo ni E in such a manner that V3 -to iwanbakari E as if to say V3 -to ka E 0) is allowed by verbs such as (iu,kiku) V3 -to ka E 1) something to the effect V3 -to ka E 2) someone is not decided o doing N -to ka iu E something like,something to the effect V3 -to kagiranai E it does not necessary mean that V3 -to kiku E i hear that N -to mieru E it looks as if V3 -to mieru E it looks as if,it looks like V3 -to mo E 1) conjunction) even if V3 -to mo E 2) sentence ending phrase) of course V3 -to mo naku E it does not mean to do something with V3 -to mo nashi ni E it does not mean to do something with prt -to naru E become (see also ni naru) N -to natte E as V3 -to ni shite mo E even if V3 -to no koto da E i hear that,i understand that,i am told that V3 -to omou E i think that prt -to onaji E the same as N -to shita tokoro de E even V3 -to shitara E (hipothesis) if V3 -to shite E granted that,deciding to N -to shite E in the capacity of N -to shite mo E as N -to shite mo E even V3 -to shite mo E even if V3 -to shite tokoro de E even if N -to shite wa E for N -to shite wa E for V3 -to sureba E (hipothesis) if V3 -to suru to E (hipothesis) if N -to tomo ni E with N -to wa E shows surprise,following the topic V3 -to wa ie E even if conj -to wa ie E however V3 -to wa itte mo E even if N -to wa kagiranai E is not necessarily V3 -to wa kagiranai E it does not necessary mean that V3 -to wa nashi ni E it does not mean to do something with tobotobo E trudgingly prt -toka E and,or,such as V3 -toki E (sequence of action) when,at that time V3 -toki ni E (sequence of action) before,at (00 00h or so) pref -toko E every (times) tokonatsu E eternal summer V3 -tokoro da E 1) location ) the place where V3 -tokoro da E 2) point of time) time,the time when V3 -tokoro da E 3) situation) in the situation when V3 -tokoro da E 4) extent) so far as V3 -tokoro da E 5) thing conj -tokoro de E by the way,it happens conj -tokoro ga E but V3 -tokoro no E relative pronoun prt -tomo E 1) either___or,between prt -tomo E 2) of cours prt -tomo E 3) at Adj superlative prt -tomo E 4) of his status prt -tomo E 5) uncertain number prt -tomo E 6) all watashitomo E we prt -tomo E 7) no matter (emphatic) prt -tomo E 8) even thought not tonton E sound of coocking, move quickly Suf -too E etc beikokutoo E usa etc pn suf -too E island pref -too E the said toonin E the said person pn suf -toori,doori E avenue,street V3 -tori = nari E just as V3 -totan ni E no sooner than N -totemo E even conj -totte E therefor tottemo = totemo E everything Nr -tsui E a pair V3 -tsuide ni E while doing___will also do conj -tsuite wa E in this connection Suf -tsuki E with,attached kagutsuki E furnished rooms V2 -tsukusu E finish up V3 -tsumori da E shows intention to do V2 -tsutsu E while,thought Nr -tsuu E letter V2 -tsuzukeru E continue___ing Suf -tsuzuki E row,lines yanetsuzuki E rows of roofs V3 -u E dictionary form of the verbs V3 -uchi ni E while,while A is in progress B will occure Suf -ue E superior chichiue E venerable father V2 -uru E be possible to pref -usu E light,thin Suf -usu E luck of temochiusu E lucky hand pref -usu E thin,light usugi E thin clothes usushairo E light bronze pref -uwa E outward pref -uwa E upper uwagi E upper garment pref -uwa E uppward uwake E outward appearrience V3 -uwa ni E 1) in addition to V3 -uwa ni E 2) when V4 -v -tara ii no ka E how (what etc) to do prt -wa E 0) in hiragana or katakana it is written with the sillabe ha prt -wa E 1) the word who precedes wa is the subject of a sentence prt -wa E 2) a contracting element prt -wa E 3) as far as___is concerned prt -wa E 4) emphasis Nr -wa E birds Nr -wa E bunck,bundle prt -wa E sentence ending is written with wa in colloquial womens speach N -wa mochiron no koto E not only but also N -wa N ni naru E the first N will be an new N PN -wa N o N ni suru E the PN is making from the first N an other N N -wa oroka na koto E to say nothing of,much less than V2 -wa shimai E negative tentative V2 -wa shinai E emphatic negative N -wa tomokaku E setting aside,out to mention,to say nothing of N -wa tonikaku E setting aside,out to mention,to say nothing of V3 -wake da E 1) it means that V3 -wake da E 2) reason why V3 -wake de wa nai E it does not mean that V3 -wake ni wa ikanai E it cannot very well do something,this wont pass wakuwaku E be excited pn suf -wan E bay Nr -wari E prozent % ichiwari E 10 per/cent prozent % V3 -wari ni E in proportion to,considering prt -ya E 1) such things as___and so forth prt -ya E 2) as soon as prt -ya E 3) at a sentence end used by men is the same than women use (ne) V3 -ya E as soon as Suf -ya E shop,dealer honya E bookshop yaayaa E self composed adj -yagu E become yahari = yappari = yappashii E certainly surely pn suf -yama,san,zan E mountain Suf -yami E patient haibyooyami E tuberculosis patient yappari = yahari = yappashii E certainly surely yappashii = yahari = yappari E certainly surely prt -yara E 1) sign of uncertainty prt -yara E 2) conjunction see also ya V3 -yara E express uncertainty V3 -yara yara E what with V2 -yasui E is easy to do prt -yo E at a sentence end can only be translated by the whole sentence yochiyochi E totteringly Suf -yoke E protection kazeyoke E protection against the wind V6 -yoo E 1) probability V6 -yoo E 2) ones will V3 -yoo E appears as if pn suf -yoo E ocean V2 -yoo E way of___ing pref -yoo E western yoofuku E western dress V3 -yoo da E it looks like,it looks as if V3 -yoo da E it seems that,gives every appearence V6 -yoo ga to E 1) no matter how V6 -yoo ga to E 2) no matter what V6 -yoo ga to E 3) it does noit matter if something happens V6 -yoo ga v1 -nai ga E whether or not V6 -yoo ga__yoo E even if___or V3 -yoo ni E 1) just as V3 -yoo ni E 2) in order that V3 -yoo ni E 3) something like V3 -yoo ni E 4) wish to others V3 -yoo ni iu E indirecte command V6 -yoo ni mo E even if you want to V3 -yoo ni naru E comes out,so that the statement becomes true V3 -yoo ni suru E makes it,so the the statement becomes true V6 -yoo to omou E i am thinking of doing V6 -yoo to suru E 1) is about to do something but not accomplishing it V6 -yoo to suru E 2) trying unsuccessfully to do V3 -yoo wa E it looks like,it looks as if prt -yori E 1) than prt -yori E 2) from prt -yori E 3) more Suf -yori E close by yamamoteyori E near the bluff V3 -yori E than V3 -yori hoka nai E there is nothing else to do N -yori hoka ni nai E is the only one,there isn't any other V3 -yori hoka ni te ga nai E there is nothing else to do V3 -yori hoka ni wa nai E there is nothing else to do V3 -yori hoka te ga nai E there is nothing else to do V3 -yori hoka wa nai E less than N -yori mo E than comparision V3 -yori ni wa nai E there is nothing else to do V3 -yori shika ga nai E there is nothing else to do V3 -yori shikata ga nai E there is nothing else to do yoroyoro E staggeringly V3 -yoshida E i am told that conj -yueni E so,therefor Suf -yuki E bound for amerikayuki E bound for america zaazaa E sound of pouring rain pref -zai E situated in zaibei E japanese ambassy in the usa zakuzaku E jingle pn suf -zan,san,yama E mountain V1 -zaru o enai E cannot help___ing zawazawa E rustling, noisy with mouvement of many people prt -ze E you know Nr -zen E a pair of chopsticks Nr -zen E bowl of rice pref -zen E ex,former zendaitooryoo E expresident N -zen E have an air of pref -zen E whole zenkokunin E the whole nation V3 -zo E at the end of a sentence) i tell you prt -zo E emphasis V1 -zu E another negative ending like nai V1 -zu jimai E end up without___doing V1 -zu ni E without___ing V1 -zu ni wa okanai E cannot helb but to V1 -zu shite E without___ing Suf -zuke E dated mikkazuke E dated the third Suf -zuki E attached to tsuzuki E attached to the last part copulaN-zuki E person who likes N -zuku de E by means of Suf -zukume E covered with kurozukume E all in black Suf -zukushi E enumeration kunizukushi E enumeration the lands Suf -zume E appointment yokohamazume E appointed to the yokohama office Suf -zume E packed hakozume E packed in a box Suf -zume tsume E appointment gotonzumi E fraight car Suf -zumi E load zunzun E without a moments delay futarizure E a party of two Suf -zure E company,party zutazuta E cut or tear into sheeds N -zutsu E a certain amount or quantity of time --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Gramatical expressions ---------------------- -kei...............form the systeme bunsetsu...............sentence part chinjutsu...............adverbial praedications daimeishi...............pronoun dooshi...............verb fukushi...............adverb genzai...............present gimonshi...............interogativ words giseigo...............describing noise giteigo...............describing an noisy action jakuhenka...............smooth conjugation declination jidooshi...............intransitiv,auxiliairy verbs joshi...............particle kako...............past kantooshi.kandooshi...............interjektion kateikei...............conditionel keigo...............polite base keiyooshi...............adjectives meireikei...............impoerativ of verbs meishi...............substantiv,thing meishishuushokugo...............modifying substantivs mirai...............futur mizenkei...............negativ base of the verbs rentaikei...............dictionary form rentaishi...............unconjugable adjectives renyookei...............progressive base of the verbs setsubiji,setsubigo...............suffixes setsuzooshiku...............conjunctions settooji.settoogo...............prefixes shinkoo...............progressiv shuushikei...............dictionary form suiryookei...............tentativ-base tadooshi...............transitive verb V3-rentaikei...............attributive base V3-shuushikei...............conclusive Base dictionary form surely there are much more but those are the mostly freqyent of all I appologize if their are mistakes in this list ============================================================================